Biodiversity papers
Bourdon, R. (2015). Interactions between fish communities and shellfish aquaculture in Baynes Sound, British Columbia [Master Thesis, University of Victoria].
Cox, K. D., Davies, H. L., Millard-Martin, B., Black, M., Hessing-Lewis, M., Smith, N. F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. E. (2024). Ancestral and contemporary intertidal mariculture practices support marine biodiversity in the northeast Pacific. Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1), 351–13.
Cox, K. D., Davies, H. L., Millard‐Martin, B., Black, M., Hessing‐Lewis, M., Smith, N. F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. E. (2025). Ancient and contemporary shellfish cultivation practices bolster bivalve communities and diversity‐biomass relationships. People and Nature (Hoboken, N.J.), 7(1), 81–98.
Grewell, B. J., Castillo, J. M., Skaer Thomason, M. J., & Drenovsky, R. E. (2016). Phenotypic plasticity and population differentiation in response to salinity in the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora. Biological Invasions, 18(8), 2175–2187.
Huard, J. R., Proudfoot, B., Rooper, C. N., Martin, T. G., & Robinson, C. L. K. (2022). Intertidal beach habitat suitability model for Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) in the Salish Sea, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 79(10), 1681–1696.
Jamieson, G. S., & Levesque, C. (2014). Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas on the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the Strait of Georgia, and in some nearshore areas on the North Coast: Phase II – Designation of EBSAs. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2014/101. Vii + 36 p.
Krassovski, M. V., Foreman, M. G. G., Guyondet, T., Filgueira, R., & Sutherland, T. F. (2024). A Circulation Model for Baynes Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Atmosphere-Ocean, 62(1), 90–118.
Levesque, C., & Jamieson, G. S. (2014). Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas in the Strait of Georgia and off the West Coast of Vancouver Island: Phase I - Identification of Important Areas. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2014/100. Viii + 68 p.
Moore-Maley, B., & Allen, S. E. (2022). Wind-driven upwelling and surface nutrient delivery in a semi-enclosed coastal sea. Ocean Science, 18(1), 143–167.
Nemcek, N., Hennekes, M., Sastri, A., & Perry, R. I. (2023). Seasonal and spatial dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the Salish Sea, 2015–2019. Progress in Oceanography, 217(Journal Article), 103108.
Rechsteiner, E. U., Watson, J. C., Tinker, M. T., Nichol, L. M., Morgan Henderson, M. J., McMillan, C. J., DeRoos, M., Fournier, M. C., Salomon, A. K., Honka, L. D., & Darimont, C. T. (2019). Sex and occupation time influence niche space of a recovering keystone predator. Ecology and Evolution, 9(6), 3321–3334.
Robinson, C. L. K., Proudfoot, B., Rooper, C. N., & Bertram, D. F. (2021). Comparison of spatial distribution models to predict subtidal burying habitat of the forage fish Ammodytes personatus in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Aquatic Conservation, 31(10), 2855–2869.
Sutherland, T. F., & Amos, C. L. (2020). An In Situ Assessment of Seabed Stability in Baynes Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 472.
Sutherland, T. F., Garcia-Hoyos, L. M., Poon, P., Krassovski, M. V., Foreman, M. G. G., Martin, A. J., & Amos, C. L. (2018). Seabed Attributes and Meiofaunal Abundance Associated with a Hydrodynamic Gradient in Baynes Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Coastal Research, 345, 1021–1034.
Contamination papers
Axworthy, J. B., Bates, E. H., Grosser, M. P., & Padilla-Gamiño, J. L. (2025). Effects of pollution on ecologically and economically important organisms of the Salish Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 219, 118322.
Baechler, B. R., Stienbarger, C. D., Horn, D. A., Joseph, J., Taylor, A. R., Granek, E. F., & Brander, S. M. (2020). Microplastic occurrence and effects in commercially harvested North American finfish and shellfish: Current knowledge and future directions. Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 5(1), 113–136.
Bendell, L. I., LeCadre, E., & Zhou, W. (2020). Use of sediment dwelling bivalves to biomonitor plastic particle pollution in intertidal regions; A review and study. PloS One, 15(5), e0232879.
Cassis, D., Lekhi, P., Pearce, C. M., Ebell, N., Orians, K., & Maldonado, M. T. (2011). The role of phytoplankton in the modulation of dissolved and oyster cadmium concentrations in Deep Bay, British Columbia, Canada. Science of The Total Environment, 409(20), 4415–4424.
Cluzard, M., Kazmiruk, T. N., Kazmiruk, V. D., & Bendell, L. I. (2015). Intertidal Concentrations of Microplastics and Their Influence on Ammonium Cycling as Related to the Shellfish Industry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(3), 310–319.
Covernton, G. A., Pearce, C. M., Gurney-Smith, H. J., Chastain, S. G., Ross, P. S., Dower, J. F., & Dudas, S. E. (2019). Size and shape matter: A preliminary analysis of microplastic sampling technique in seawater studies with implications for ecological risk assessment. The Science of the Total Environment, 667(Journal Article), 124–132.
Covernton, G., Collicutt, B., Gurney-Smith, H., Pearce, C., Dower, J., Ross, P., & Dudas, S. (2019). Microplastics in bivalves and their habitat in relation to shellfish aquaculture proximity in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 11, 357–374.
Davidson, K., & Dudas, S. E. (2016). Microplastic Ingestion by Wild and Cultured Manila Clams (Venerupis philippinarum) from Baynes Sound, British Columbia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71(2), 147–156.
Kazmiruk, T. N., Kazmiruk, V. D., & Bendell, L. I. (2018). Abundance and distribution of microplastics within surface sediments of a key shellfish growing region of Canada. PloS One, 13(5), e0196005.
Lekhi, P., Cassis, D., Pearce, C. M., Ebell, N., Maldonado, M. T., & Orians, K. J. (2008). Role of dissolved and particulate cadmium in the accumulation of cadmium in cultured oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Science of The Total Environment, 393(2–3), 309–325.
Meghnath, K., Hasselback, P., McCormick, R., Prystajecky, N., Taylor, M., McIntyre, L., Man, S., Whitfield, Y., Warshawsky, B., McKinley, M., Bitzikos, O., Hexemer, A., & Galanis, E. (2019). Outbreaks of Norovirus and Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with British Columbia Oysters, 2016–2017. Food and Environmental Virology, 11(2), 138–148.
Pouillot, R., Smith, M., Van Doren, J. M., Catford, A., Holtzman, J., Calci, K. R., Edwards, R., Goblick, G., Roberts, C., Stobo, J., White, J., Woods, J., DePaola, A., Buenaventura, E., & Burkhardt, W. (2022). Risk Assessment of Norovirus Illness from Consumption of Raw Oysters in the United States and in Canada. Risk Analysis, 42(2), 344–369.
Widmeyer, J. R., & Bendell-Young, L. I. (2008). Heavy Metal Levels in Suspended Sediments, Crassostrea gigas, and the Risk to Humans. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55(3), 442–450.
Herring papers
Houtman, N. R., Yakimishyn, J., Collyer, M., Sutherst, J., Robinson, C. L. K., & Costa, M. (2022). Experimentally Determining Optimal Conditions for Mapping Forage Fish with RPAS. Drones (Basel), 6(12), 426.
Lewis’, T. L., Esler, D., & Boyd’, W. S. (2007). Foraging Behaviors of Surf Scoters and White-Winged Scoters during Spawning of Pacific Herring. The Condor, 109(1), 216–222.
Lok, E. K., Kirk, M., Esler, D., & Boyd, W. S. (2008). Movements of Pre-migratory Surf and White-winged Scoters in Response to Pacific Herring Spawn. Waterbirds (De Leon Springs, Fla.), 31(3), 385–393.
McKechnie, I., Lepofsky, D., Moss, M. L., Butler, V. L., Orchard, T. J., Coupland, G., Foster, F., Caldwell, M., & Lertzman, K. (2014). Archaeological data provide alternative hypotheses on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) distribution, abundance, and variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(9).
Ocean acidification papers
Barclay, K. M., Gurney-Smith, H. J., Ahmed, M., Christian, J. R., Cyr, F., Duke, P. J., Else, B. G. T., Gimenez, I., Lizotte, M., Reader, M. C., Roth, M., Rutherford, K., Starr, M., Steiner, N. S., Turner, J., VanderZwaag, D. L., & Evans, W. (2026). Ocean acidification in Canada: The current state of knowledge and pathways for action. Frontiers in Marine Science, 13, 1761703.
Evans, W., Pocock, K., Hare, A., Weekes, C., Hales, B., Jackson, J., Gurney-Smith, H., Mathis, J. T., Alin, S. R., & Feely, R. A. (2019). Marine CO2 Patterns in the Northern Salish Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5(Journal Article).
Jarníková, T., Ianson, D., Allen, S. E., Shao, A. E., & Olson, E. M. (2022). Anthropogenic Carbon Increase has Caused Critical Shifts in Aragonite Saturation Across a Sensitive Coastal System. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36(7), e2021GB007024.
Moore‐Maley, B. L., Allen, S. E., & Ianson, D. (2016). Locally driven interannual variability of near‐surface pH and Ω A in the Strait of Georgia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(3), 1600–1625.
Simpson, E. (2024). Variability and Drivers of Nearshore Carbonate Chemistry and the Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Ocean Acidification in British Columbia [Dissertation]. Simon Fraser University.
Simpson, E., Ianson, D., & Kohfeld, K. E. (2022). Using End‐Member Models to Estimate Seasonal Carbonate Chemistry and Acidification Sensitivity in Temperate Estuaries. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(2), 1–12.
Simpson, E., Ianson, D., Kohfeld, K. E., Franco, A. C., Covert, P. A., Davelaar, M., & Perreault, Y. (2024). Variability and drivers of carbonate chemistry at shellfish aquaculture sites in the Salish Sea, British Columbia. Biogeosciences, 21(5), 1323–1353.
Wright-LaGreca, M., Mackenzie, C., & Green, T. J. (2022). Ocean Acidification Alters Developmental Timing and Gene Expression of Ion Transport Proteins During Larval Development in Resilient and Susceptible Lineages of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Marine Biotechnology (New York, N.Y.), 24(1), 116–124.
Seaweed papers
Birtwell, I. K. (2019). Seaweed Harvesting: A controversial new industry on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In L. Bendell, P. Gallaugher, S. McKeachie, & L. Wood (Eds.), Stewarding the Sound (1st ed., pp. 61–78). CRC Press.
Costa, M., Le Barona N., Tenhunen, K., Nephin, J., Willis P., Mortimorc, J.P, Dudas S., Rubidge E. (2020). Historical distribution to kelp forests on the coast of British Columbia: 1858-1956. Journal of Applied Geography. 120, 102230.
Hahn, J. L., Van Alstyne, K. L., Gaydos, J. K., Wallis, L. K., West, J. E., Hollenhorst, S. J., Ylitalo, G. M., Poppenga, R. H., Bolton, J. L., McBride, D. E., & Sofield, R. M. (2022). Chemical contaminant levels in edible seaweeds of the Salish Sea and implications for their consumption. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0269269.
Holden, J. J., Dudas, S. E., & Juanes, F. (2016). Is commercial harvesting of beach-cast seaweed ecologically sustainable? Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 12(4), 825–827.
Holden, J. J., Kingzett, B. C., MacNeill, S., Smith, W., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. E. (2018). Beach-cast biomass and commercial harvesting of a non-indigenous seaweed, Mazzaella japonica, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(2), 1175–1184.
Mora-Soto, A., Schroeder, S., Gendall, L., Wachmann, A., Narayan, G., Read, S., Pearsall, I., Rubidge, E., Lessard, J., Martell, K., & Costa, M. (2024). Back to the past: Long-term persistence of bull kelp forests in the Strait of Georgia, Salish Sea, Canada. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1446380.
Pawluk, K. A. (2016). Impacts and interactions of two non-indigenous seaweeds Mazzaella japonica (Mikami) Hommersand and Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt in Baynes Sound, British Columbia [Dissertation, University of Victoria].
Starko, S., Timmer, B., Reshitnyk, L., Csordas, M., McHenry, J., Schroeder, S., Hessing-Lewis, M., Costa, M., Zielinksi, A., Zielinksi, R., Cook, S., Underhill, R., Boyer, L., Fretwell, C., Yakimishyn, J., Heath, W., Gruman, C., Hingmire, D., Baum, J., & Neufeld, C. (2024). Local and regional variation in kelp loss and stability across coastal British Columbia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 733, 1–26.
Timmer, B., Reshitnyk, L. Y., Neufeld, C. J., & Baum, J. K. (2026). Historical data reveal extirpation of foundation species and kelp forest community deborealization in a coastal hotspot. Ecological Applications, 36(3), e70223.
Shellfish aquaculture papers
Bendell, L. I. (2014). Community composition of the intertidal in relation to the shellfish aquaculture industry in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture, 433(Journal Article), 384–394.
Bendell, L. I. (2014). Evidence for Declines in the Native Leukoma staminea as a Result of the Intentional Introduction of the Non-native Venerupis philippinarum in Coastal British Columbia, Canada. Estuaries and Coasts, 37(2), 369–380.
Bendell, L. I., & Wan, P. C. Y. (2011). Application of aerial photography in combination with GIS for coastal management at small spatial scales: A case study of shellfish aquaculture. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15(4), 417–431.
Carswell, B., Cheesman, S., & Anderson, J. (2006). The use of spatial analysis for environmental assessment of shellfish aquaculture in Baynes Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture, 253(1), 408–414.
Cassis, D., Pearce, C., & Maldonado, M. (2011). Effects of the environment and culture depth on growth and mortality in juvenile Pacific oysters in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 1(3), 259–274.
Cowan, M. (2020). Exploring the mechanisms of Pacific oyster summer mortality in Baynes Sound aquaculture [Master Thesis, University of Victoria].
Cowan, M. W., Pearce, C. M., Finston, T., Meyer, G. R., Marshall, R., Evans, W., Sutherland, T. F., & De La Bastide, P. Y. (2023). Role of the Vibrio community, reproductive effort, and environmental parameters in intertidal Pacific oyster summer mortality in British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture, 565, 739094.
Cowan, M. W., Pearce, C. M., Green, T. J., Finston, T., Meyer, G. R., McAmmond, B., Van Hamme, J. D., Bottos, E. M., Marshall, R., Evans, W., Sutherland, T. F., & de la Bastide, P. Y. (2024). Abundance of Vibrio aestuarianus, water temperature, and stocking density are associated with summer mortality of Pacific oysters in suspended culture. Aquaculture International, 32(4), 5045–5066.
D’Anna, L. M., & Murray, G. D. (2015). Perceptions of shellfish aquaculture in British Columbia and implications for well-being in marine social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 20(1), 57.
Drope, N., Morin, E., Kohfeld, K., Ianson, D., & Silver, J. J. (2024). Media Representations and Farmer Perceptions: A Case Study of Reporting on Ocean Acidification and the Shellfish Farming Sector in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Communication, 18(4), 406–417.
Dunham, A., Gurney-Smith, H., Plamondon, N., Yuan, S., & Pearce, C. M. (2013a). Aquaculture potential of the basket cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii). Part 1: Effects of stocking density on first year grow-out performance in intertidal and off-bottom suspended culture. Aquaculture Research, 44(8), 1236–1253.
Dunham, A., Gurney-Smith, H., Plamondon, N., Yuan, S., & Pearce, C. M. (2013b). Aquaculture potential of the basket cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii). Part 2: Effects of stocking density and depth on second year grow-out performance of three size cohorts in intertidal and off-bottom suspended culture. Aquaculture Research, 44(8), 1277–1299.
Guyondet, T. (2022). An ecological carrying capacity assessment for shellfish aquaculture in Baynes Sound, British Columbia. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS).
Hamouda, L., Hipel, K. W., & Kilgour, D. M. (2004). Shellfish Conflict in Baynes Sound: A Strategic Perspective. Environmental Management (New York), 34(4), 474–486.
Khtikian, N. (2021). Investigating the role of Vibrio aestuarianus in summer mortality of farmed Crassostrea gigas in Baynes Sound, British Columbia [Master Thesis, University of Victoria]. t
Lavoie, M., McKindsey, C., Pearce, C., & Archambault, P. (2016). Influence of intertidal Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum aquaculture on biogeochemical fluxes. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 8, 117–130.
Mackenzie, C. L., Raap, M. R., Kellogg, C. T. E., Walker, C. Y. V., Clemente-Carvalho, R. B. G., Green, T. J., & Pearce, C. M. (2025). A common garden comparison of the microbiome and gene expression of intertidally- and subtidally-cultured Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in relation to extreme warming events. Aquaculture International, 33(5).
Mackenzie, C. L., Raap, M. R., Leduc, S., Walker, C. Y. V., Green, T. J., Kim, E., Montgomery, E. M., Gray, S. L. M., Long, A., & Pearce, C. M. (2024). Development of a nature-based solution for mitigation of Pacific oyster summer mortality: Use of the intertidal zone to improve resilience to environmental stressors. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11(Journal Article).
Mallows, C., & Shaw, K. (2024). CULTIVATING SOLUTIONS: Environmental Change and Oyster Farming in British Columbia. BC Studies, (220), 67–150.
Meyer, G., Lowe, G., Gilmore, S., & Bower, S. (2017). Disease and mortality among Yesso scallops Patinopecten yessoensis putatively caused by infection with Francisella halioticida. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 125(1), 79–84.
Morin, E. (2020). First-Hand Knowledge of BC Ocean Change: Oyster Farmers’ Experiences of Environmental Change and Oyster Die-Off Events [Master Thesis]. Simon Fraser University.
Munroe, D. (2016). Habitat effects on early post-settlement growth of intertidal clams, Venerupis philippinarum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 82(4), 507–514.
Munroe, D., & McKinley, R. S. (2007). Commercial Manila clam (Tapes philippinarum) culture in British Columbia, Canada: The effects of predator netting on intertidal sediment characteristics. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 72(1), 319–328.
Murray, G., & D’Anna, L. (2015). Seeing shellfish from the seashore: The importance of values and place in perceptions of aquaculture and marine social–ecological system interactions. Marine Policy, 62(Journal Article), 125–133.
Roland, W. G., & Albrecht, K. J. (1990). Production of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, from wild-caught and hatchery-produced seed grown at several densities on oyster shells. Aquaculture Research, 21(1), 31–38.
Sutherland, T. F., & Amos, C. L. (2020). An In Situ Assessment of Seabed Stability in Baynes Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 472.
Whiteley, J., & Bendell-Young, L. (2007). Ecological implications of intertidal mariculture: Observed differences in bivalve community structure between farm and reference sites. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 44(3), 495–505.
Water quality papers
Whale papers
These papers are not Baynes Sound specific but are relevant to the Salish Sea. The whale populations that pass-through Baynes Sound may be reflected in these studies.
Burnham, R. E., Vagle, S., O’Neill, C., & Trounce, K. (2021). The Efficacy of Management Measures to Reduce Vessel Noise in Critical Habitat of Southern Resident Killer Whales in the Salish Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 664691.
Burnham, R., Vagle, S., Thupaki, P., & Thornton, S. (2023). Implications of wind and vessel noise on the sound fields experienced by southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca in the Salish Sea. Endangered Species Research, 50, 31–46.
Cheeseman, T., Barlow, J., Acebes, J. M., Audley, K., Bejder, L., Birdsall, C., Bracamontes, O. S., Bradford, A. L., Byington, J., Calambokidis, J., Cartwright, R., Cedarleaf, J., Chavez, A. J. G., Currie, J., De Castro, R. C., De Weerdt, J., Doe, N., Doniol-Valcroze, T., Dracott, K., … Clapham, P. (2024). Bellwethers of change: Population modelling of North Pacific humpback whales from 2002 through 2021 reveals shift from recovery to climate response. Royal Society Open Science, 11(2), 231462.
Cheeseman, T., Southerland, K., Acebes, J. M., Audley, K., Barlow, J., Bejder, L., Birdsall, C., Bradford, A. L., Byington, J. K., Calambokidis, J., Cartwright, R., Cedarleaf, J., Chavez, A. J. G., Currie, J. J., De Weerdt, J., Doe, N., Doniol-Valcroze, T., Dracott, K., Filatova, O., … Clapham, P. (2023). A collaborative and near-comprehensive North Pacific humpback whale photo-ID dataset. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 10237.
Clarke, C., Stredulinsky, E., Toews, S., Rani, V., Bouvier-Brown, M., Smyth, D., Joy, R., & Thornton, S. (2024). Assessing the efficacy of ecological reserves: Killer whale beach rubbing behaviour and vessel disturbance. Endangered Species Research, 53, 555–567.
Cominelli, S., Devillers, R., Yurk, H., MacGillivray, A., McWhinnie, L., & Canessa, R. (2018). Noise exposure from commercial shipping for the southern resident killer whale population. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 136, 177–200.
Fraser, M. D., McWhinnie, L. H., Canessa, R. R., & Darimont, C. T. (2020). Compliance of small vessels to minimum distance regulations for humpback and killer whales in the Salish Sea. Marine Policy, 121, 104171.
Giles, D. A., Teman, S. J., Ellis, S., Ford, J. K. B., Shields, M. W., Hanson, M. B., Emmons, C. K., Cottrell, P. E., Baird, R. W., Osborne, R. W., Weiss, M., Ellifrit, D. K., Olson, J. K., Towers, J. R., Ellis, G., Matkin, D., Smith, C. E., Raverty, S. A., Norman, S. A., & Gaydos, J. K. (2024). Harassment and killing of porpoises (“phocoenacide”) by fish‐eating Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca). Marine Mammal Science, 40(2), e13073.
Hendricks, B., Pine, M. K., Baer, G., Welton, M., Symonds, H. K., Dakin, D. T., Alidina, H. M., Picard, C. R., & Wray, J. (2025). Quantifying vessel noise and acoustic habitat loss in marine soundscapes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 219, 118150.
Lo, C. F., Nielsen, K. A., Ashe, E., Bain, D. E., Mendez-Bye, A., Reiss, S. A., Bogaard, L. T., Collins, M. S., & Williams, R. (2022). Measuring speed of vessels operating around endangered southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Salish Sea critical habitat. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174, 113301.
McInnes, J. D., Buckmaster, J. N., Cullen, K. D., Mathieson, C. R., & Tawse, J. P. (2020). Intentional Stranding by Mammal-Hunting Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Salish Sea. Aquatic Mammals, 46(6), 556–560.
McMillan, C. J. (2014). How important are herring to humpback whales? The role of herring in meeting the energetic requirements of humpback whales in a British Columbian feeding ground [Master Thesis, Simon Fraser University].
McMillan, C. J., Towers, J. R., & Hildering, J. (2019). The innovation and diffusion of “trap‐feeding,” a novel humpback whale foraging strategy. Marine Mammal Science, 35(3), 779–796.
McWhinnie, L. H., O’Hara, P. D., Hilliard, C., Le Baron, N., Smallshaw, L., Pelot, R., & Canessa, R. (2021). Assessing vessel traffic in the Salish Sea using satellite AIS: An important contribution for planning, management and conservation in southern resident killer whale critical habitat. Ocean & Coastal Management, 200, 105479.
Nikolich, K., & Towers, J. R. (2020). Vocalizations of common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in an eastern North Pacific feeding ground. Bioacoustics, 29(1), 97–108.
Olson, J. K., Larson, S. E., Robertson, F. C., Miller, H., Morrigan, A., Berta, S., & Calambokidis, J. (2024). Utilizing long-term opportunistic sightings records to document spatio-temporal shifts in mysticete presence and use in the Central Salish Sea. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 5, 1401838.
Olson, J., Wood, J., Osborne, R., Barrett-Lennard, L., & Larson, S. (2018). Sightings of southern resident killer whales in the Salish Sea 1976-2014: The importance of a long-term opportunistic dataset. Endangered Species Research, 37, 105–118.
O’Mahony, É. N., Sremba, A. L., Keen, E. M., Robinson, N., Dundas, A., Steel, D., Wray, J., Baker, C. S., & Gaggiotti, O. E. (2024). Collecting baleen whale blow samples by drone: A minimally intrusive tool for conservation genetics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 24(8), e13957.
Palmer, K. J., Houweling, A., Laturnus, L., Pilkington, J., Vuibert, A. R., Wladichuk, J., & Joy, R. (2026). Population‐Level Acoustic Classification of Salish Sea Killer Whales: Integrating Biologically Informed Call Type Balancing to Build Robust Models for Conservation Monitoring. Marine Mammal Science, 42(1), e70126.
Robinson, C. V. (2026). Bridging borders: Toward alignment of environmental regulations in the Salish Sea for whale conservation. Marine Policy, 185, 106970.
Seely, E., Osborne, R. W., Koski, K., & Larson, S. (2017). Soundwatch: Eighteen years of monitoring whale watch vessel activities in the Salish Sea. PLOS ONE, 12(12), e0189764.
Shields, M. W. (2022). Commercial whale-watching reduces vessel incidents in the vicinity of killer whales in Washington State. Marine Policy, 145, 105290.
Shields, M. W. (2023). 2018–2022 Southern Resident killer whale presence in the Salish Sea: Continued shifts in habitat usage. PeerJ, 11, e15635.
Shields, M. W., Hysong-Shimazu, S., Shields, J. C., & Woodruff, J. (2018). Increased presence of mammal-eating killer whales in the Salish Sea with implications for predator-prey dynamics. PeerJ, 6, e6062.
Shields, M. W., Lindell, J., & Woodruff, J. (2018). Declining spring usage of core habitat by endangered fish-eating killer whales reflects decreased availability of their primary prey. Pacific Conservation Biology, 24(2), 189–193.
Souhaut, M., & Shields, M. W. (2021). Stereotyped whistles in southern resident killer whales. PeerJ, 9, e12085.
Stewart, J. D., Cogan, J., Durban, J. W., Fearnbach, H., Ellifrit, D. K., Malleson, M., Pinnow, M., & Balcomb, K. C. (2023). Traditional summer habitat use by Southern Resident killer whales in the Salish Sea is linked to Fraser River Chinook salmon returns. Marine Mammal Science, 39(3), 858–875.
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